LIPIDIPEROKSIDAATIOTUOTTEISTA
2.2. Lipid Peroxidation Products
Lipidiperoxidaatio eli tyydyttämättömien rasvojen reaktiotuoteet hapen kanssa on iso liuta oksidaatiotuotteita. Päätuotteet lipidiperoksidaatiosta ovat lipidihydroperoksideja (LOOH). Monen erilaisen aldehydin joukossa- (näitähän muodostuu sekundaarisesti lipidiperoksidaation aikana )- mainitaan malonidialdehydi (MDA), propanaali, hexanaali ja 4-hydroxynonenaali (4-HNE) ja näitä on erittäin paljon tutkittu Esterbauerin työryhmän toimesta 1980-luvulla. Näistä MDA on osoitautunut olevan mutageenisin lipidiperoksidaatiotuote ja 4-HNE on taas niistä toxisin, myrkyllisin.
- Lipid peroxidation or reaction of oxygen with unsaturated lipids produces a wide variety of oxidation products. The main primary products of lipid peroxidation are lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). Among the many different aldehydes which can be formed as secondary products during lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), propanal, hexanal, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) have been extensively studied by Esterbauer and his colleagues in the 80s [38–49]. MDA appears to be the most mutagenic product of lipid peroxidation, whereas 4-HNE is the most toxic [50].
- MDA has been widely used for many years as a convenient biomarker for lipid peroxidation of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids because of its facile reaction with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) [48, 51]. The TBA test is predicated upon the reactivityof TBA toward MDA to yield an intensely colored chromogen fluorescent red adduct; this test was first used by food chemists to evaluate autoxidative degradation of fats and oils [52]. However, the thiobarbituric acid reacting substances test (TBARS) is notoriously nonspecific which has led to substantial controversy over its use for quantification of MDA from in vivo samples.
- Several technologies for the determination of free and total MDA, such gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and several derivatization-based strategies, have been developed during the last decade [53]. Because MDA is one of the most popular and reliable markers that determine oxidative stress in clinical situations [53], and due to MDA's high reactivity and toxicity underlying the fact that this molecule is very relevant to biomedical research community.
- 4-HNE was first discovered in 60s [54].Later, in 80s 4-HNE was reported as a cytotoxic product originating from the peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids [40]. 4-Hydroxyalkenals produced in the course of biomembrane lipids peroxidation, elicited either by free radicals or by chemicals, might exert a genotoxic effect in humans [55]. The 4-hydroxyalkenals are the most significant products because they are produced in relatively large amounts, and they are very reactive aldehydes that act as “second messengers of free radicals.”
4-HNE on maineeltaan "vapaitten radikaalien toiseksi myrkyllisimpiä välittäjäaineita", "yksi oxidatiivisen stressin pahimpia aiheuttajia", "lipidiperoxydaatiotuotteiden kemotaktinen aldehydilopputuote" ja "lipidiperoxidaation päätuotteita" , joten ei ole ihme, että nykyään pidetään 4-HNE- molekyyliä lipidiperoksidaation päämerkitsijänä ja signaalimolekyylinä , joka osallistuu usean stressille herkän transkriptiotekijän säätelyyn (Nrf2, AP-1, NF-kB ja PPAR9 ja solujen proliferaatioon, erilaistumiseen, solun elossapysymiseen, autofagiaan, solun ikämuutoksiin,
apoptoosiin, ja nekroosiin. ( Kts. HNE signaloivana molekyylinä)
- In particular 4-HNE, which has been subjected to intense scientific scrutiny in 90s [49], is considered as “one of the major toxic products generated from lipid peroxides” [49]. 4-HNE high toxicity can be explained by its rapid reactions with thiols and amino groups [56]. Reactive aldehydes, especially 4-HNE, act both as signaling molecules (see below 4-HNE as signaling molecule) and as cytotoxic products of lipid peroxidation causing long-lasting biological consequences, in particular by covalent modification of macromolecules (see below 4-HNE biomolecular adducts).
- 4-HNE is considered as “second toxic messengers of free radicals,” and also as “one of the most physiologically active lipid peroxides,” “one of major generators of oxidative stress,” “a chemotactic aldehydic end-product of lipid peroxidation,” and a “major lipid peroxidation product” [57].
- Thus, it is not a surprise that 4-HNE is nowadays considered as major bioactive marker of lipid peroxidation and a signaling molecule involved in regulation of several transcription factors sensible to stress such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), activating protein-1 (AP-1), NF-κB, and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), in cell proliferation and/or differentiation, cell survival, autophagy, senescence, apoptosis, and necrosis (see below 4-HNE as signaling molecule).
- Characteristics of various lipid peroxidation products as biomarkers have been reviewed on the basis of mechanisms and dynamics of their formation and metabolism and also on the methods of measurement, with an emphasis on the advantages and limitations [58].
Inga kommentarer:
Skicka en kommentar