Wikipediasta:
Biokemiassa dokosanoidit ovat signaloinneissa vaikuttavia molekyylejä ja rakenteeltaan ne ovat 22 hiiltä sisältäviä rasvahappoja. Docosa tarkoittaa 22. Ne ovat ensin tunnettu essentielleihin rasvahappohin (EFA) kuuluvasta pitkästä omega3- rasvahaposta DHA, dokosahexaeenihappo. Nimessä on hexa- sen takia että niissä on 6 kaksoissidosta (hexa= 6). Kaksoissidoksen paikat voidaan merkata Z kirjaimella Esim. 4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z,19Z-dokosahexaeenihappo. Z ei määritä onko kyseessä R vai S isomeria. Tästä DHA-haposta voi tulla erilaisia dokosanoideja entsyymeillä (lipoxygenaasilla LOX, syklo-oxygenaasilla COX ja sytokromi P450- entsyymeillä)
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In biochemistry, docosanoids are signaling molecules made by the metabolism of twenty-two-carbon fatty acids (EFAs), especially the omega-3 fatty acid, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (i.e. 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid) by lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Muista dokosanoideista ( 22 hiilen PUFA- rasvahapoista):Omega 6 -sarjassa on pidentynyt (elongoitunut) AA: Sen nimeksi voi asettaaDTA, dokosatetraeenihappo ( 4 kaksoissidosta,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-dokosatetraeenihappo , adreenihappo)Jos DTA lisäksi desaturoituu, tulee myös omega6- sarjasta DHA, dokosahexaeenihappolaji.
Omega-3 sarjassa on pidentynyt EPA ja sen nnimeksi voi laittaa DPA dokosapentaeenihappo ( viisi kaksoissidosta) (i.e. 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-dokosapentaeenihappo. Tämän pidentymä (+2C) tekee tunnetun DHA hapon omega3 sarjassa.
Sekä omega3 että omega 6-linjojen dokosahexaeenihapoista tulee vaikuttavia välittäjäaineita , proresolviinien luokka, "proresolvin mediator class of PUFA metabolites", sanotaan Wikipediassa) Tästä on lähdeartikkelia linkissä ( specialized proresolving mediators).
Tämä Wikipedia-artikkeli sisältää huomattavista dokosanoideista tekstiä. Asetan sen tällaisenaan sitaatiksi nyt aluksi suomentamatta ja tarkistamatta vielä. Se on netistä suoraan.
ContentsProminent docosanoids
Specialized proresolving mediator docosanoids
Potently bioactive agents of the specialized proresolving mediator class include:
- DHA-derived Resolvins (Rv's) of the D series: RvD1, RvD2, RvD3, RvD4, RvD5, RvD6, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-RvD3, AT-RvD4, AT-RvD5, and AT-RvD6 (see specialized proresolving mediators#DHA-derived Resolvins).
- n-3 DPA-derived Rvs of the D series (RvD1n-3, RvD2n-3, and RvDD1n-3) and the T series (RvT1, TvT2, RvT3, and RvT4) (see specialized proresolving mediators#n-3 DPA-derived resolvins).
- DHA-derived Neuroprotectins, also termed protectins: PD1, PDX, 17-epi PD1, and 10-epi-DHA1 (see specialized proresolving mediators#DHA-derived protectins/neuroprotectins).
- n-3 DPA derived protectins: RD1n-3 and RvD1n-3 (see specialized proresolving mediators#n-3 DPA-derived resolvins)(see DPA-derived protectins/neuroprotectins.
- DHA derived Maresins: MaR1, MaR2, 7-epi-Mar1, Mar-L1, and Mar-L2 (see specialized proresolving mediators#DHA-derived Maresins).
- n-3 DPA-derived maresins: Mar1n-3, Mar2n-3, and Mar3n-3 (see specialized proresolving mediators#n-3 DPA-derived maresins).
Neurofuran docosanoids
DHA can be converted non-enzymatically by free radical-mediated peroxidation to 8 different neurofuran regioisomers termed neuroprostanes and neurofuranes including 4-, 7-, 10-, 11-, 13-, 14-, 17-, and 20-series neurofurans/neuroporstanes for a total of 128 different racemic compounds. The most studied DHA-derived of these products are members of the 4-series, neurofuran 4-Fαneuroprostane and 4(RS)-ST-Δ6-8-neurofurane. These metabolites have been used mainly as biomarkers of oxidative stress that are formed in nerve tissues of the central nervous system.[5][6]
Hydroxy-docosanoids (HpDHAs, HDHAs )
Cells metabolize DHA to 17S-hydroperoxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-docahexaenoicacid acid (17-HpDHA) and then rapidly reduce this hydroperoxide to 17S-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-docahexaenoicacid acid (17-HDHA) and similarly metabolize DHA to 13S-hydroperoxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,14Z,16Z,19Z-docahexaenoic acid (13-HpDHA) and then to 13S-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,14Z,16Z,19Z-docahexaenoicacid acid (13-HDHA). 17-HDHA exhibits potent in vitro as well as in vivo (animal model) anti-inflammatory activity while 17-HpDHA and to a lesser extent 17-HDHA inhibit the growth of cultured human breast cancer cells.[7][8] Other SPM docosanoids, e.g. RvD1 and RvD2, have anti-growth effects against cancer cells in animal models.[9]
Oxo-docosanoids (EFOXD6s)
Cells can metabolize DHA to products that possess an oxo (i.e. ketone) residue. These products include 13-oxo-DHA (termed EFOXD6) and 17-oxo-DHA (termed 18-EFOXD6). Both oxo metabolites possess anti-inflammatory activity as assesses in in vitro systems (see Specialized proresolving mediators#Oxo-DHA and oxo-DPA metabolites).[10]
DTA-derived docosanoids (DH-EETs)
Cyclooxygenase and Cytochrome P450 oxidase act upon Docosatetraenoic acid to produce dihomoprostaglandins[11] and dihomo-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids[12] and dihomo-EETs.[13]
References
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- Serhan CN, Chiang N, Dalli J, Levy BD (2015). "Lipid mediators in the resolution of inflammation". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 7 (2): a016311. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016311. PMID 25359497.
- Barden AE, Mas E, Mori TA (2016). "n-3 Fatty acid supplementation and proresolving mediators of inflammation". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 27 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000262. PMID 26655290.
- Balas L, Durand T (2016). "Dihydroxylated E,E,Z-docosatrienes. An overview of their synthesis and biological significance". Progress in Lipid Research. 61: 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2015.10.002. PMID 26545300.
- Arneson KO, Roberts LJ (2007). "Measurement of products of docosahexaenoic acid peroxidation, neuroprostanes, and neurofurans". Methods in Enzymology. 433: 127–43. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(07)33007-3. PMID 17954232.
- Leung KS, Galano JM, Durand T, Lee JC (2015). "Current development in non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation products, isoprostanoids and isofuranoids, in novel biological samples". Free Radical Research. 49 (7): 816–26. doi:10.3109/10715762.2014.960867. PMID 25184341.
- Chiu CY, Gomolka B, Dierkes C, Huang NR, Schroeder M, Purschke M, Manstein D, Dangi B, Weylandt KH (2012). "Omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid-derived resolvins and 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid modulate macrophage function and alleviate experimental colitis". Inflammation Research. 61 (9): 967–76. doi:10.1007/s00011-012-0489-8. PMID 22618200.
- O'Flaherty JT, Hu Y, Wooten RE, Horita DA, Samuel MP, Thomas MJ, Sun H, Edwards IJ (2012). "15-lipoxygenase metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45480. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045480. PMC 3447860 . PMID 23029040.
- Serhan CN, Chiang N, Dalli J (2015). "The resolution code of acute inflammation: Novel pro-resolving lipid mediators in resolution". Seminars in Immunology. 27 (3): 200–15. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.004. PMC 4515371 . PMID 25857211.
- Weylandt KH (2015). "Docosapentaenoic acid derived metabolites and mediators - The new world of lipid mediator medicine in a nutshell". European Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.002. PMID 2654672
- Campbell WB, Falck JR, Okita JR, Johnson AR, Callahan KS (1985). "Synthesis of dihomoprostaglandins from adrenic acid (7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid) by human endothelial cells". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 837 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(85)90086-4. PMID 3931686.
- Kopf PG, Zhang DX, Gauthier KM, Nithipatikom K, Yi XY, Falck JR, Campbell WB (2010). "Adrenic acid metabolites as endogenous endothelium-derived and zona glomerulosa-derived hyperpolarizing factors". Hypertension. 55 (2): 547–54. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.144147. PMC 2819927 . PMID 20038752. Yi XY, Gauthier KM, Cui L, Nithipatikom K, Falck JR, Campbell WB (May 2007). "Metabolism of adrenic acid to vasodilatory 1alpha,1beta-dihomo-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids by bovine coronary arteries". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 292 (5): H2265–74. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00947.2006. PMID 17209008